Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Perception Of The Eye - 966 Words

The eye is immediately drawn to the incredible brightness on the left half of the image, showing the people who are going to be gunned down mercilessly as the viewer’s eye is further directed by the man’s undoubtedly distressed visage towards the very things threatening his life. The lack of color is apparent as it all feels very muted outside of the only source of light being placed on the men who are in danger. The darkness and tones of brown and gray on the soldiers in contrast to the very bright, and light tones of the one countryman and his compatriots appears to display a sort of good versus evil struggle going on. If your eyes are not instantly drawn to the illuminated men then it is very likely that the guns would command your awareness, being at the literal center of the image painting. The firearms pointed at the men can only signal severe negativity as you only ever point any type of gun at something you intend to shoot, and you only shoot if you intend to ki ll. The entire painting is very heart-rending as it depicts men taking other men’s lives for seemingly no reason at all. An individual is unable to empathize with the soldiers as they are dehumanized in this image. To elucidate the reasons that said soldiers are deprived of positive human qualities one must simply look for a face, there is none. They don’t give the impression of being malcontent with the situation because they are plainly unable to show any feeling. Comparatively the men cowering against theShow MoreRelatedThe Perception Of The Human Eye1689 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction According to the dictionary, a sensation is the operation or function of the senses; perception or awareness of stimuli through the senses, while a perception is the act or faculty of perceiving, or apprehending by means of thesenses or of the mind; cognition; understanding. The eye is defined as white membrane that contains an opening for light to get to the retina. The eye is developed in a way that it receives physical stimuli like light and send it to the brain as an electricalRead MorePerception Of Oneself Through The Eyes Of The White Culture1695 Words   |  7 PagesPerception of Oneself through the Eyes of the White Culture: A Feminist Perspective Alongside its umbrageous depiction of African American female identity and its shrewd criticism of the internalized racism cultivated by American cultural definitions of beauty, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison has been inspiring a propagation of literature written by African American women about their experience as women of color. Inspired by a conversation Morrison had with one of her students who wished for blueRead MoreThe Perception Of An Art Management Student s Eyes Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagesand give them a creative and colorful life as well. Music, operas, and plays go deeply into our human’s life, but nobody notices that the art industry has a shortfall and received limited helps from government right now. In the perception of an art management student’s eyes, the art have a shortage in human resources, which will strongly affect human’s life transparently. This issue can break down into five pieces. Lacking of human resources means there will be a low college enrollment rate in artRead MoreThe Effect Of An Auditory Signals On Ones Perception Of Eye Gaze1252 Words   |  6 Pagesresearchers studied the effect of an auditory signal on one’s perception of eye gaze. They mention that people are born with the ability to differentiate between direct and adverted gaze, and this ability becomes increasingly important throughout adulthood. Another important social signal involves a person’s auditory system. In infancy, children become sensitive to hearing their own name. This auditory signal often occurs at the same time as direct eye contact. The researchers in this study were tryingRead MoreUnderstanding Perceptions Of Products Through The Eyes Of Various Consumers1378 Words   |  6 Pages3. From these descriptions, summarize each of three brands ‘personalities. P.162 P.163 For this assignment I made a strategic decision to interview at least one person in their 20’s 30’s 40 and 50’s to further understand perceptions of products through the eyes of various consumers in terms of age, gender and lifestyle. For the purpose of question three; we will look at the brand personalities I formed after analyzing and cross-examining the data collected from each interview. Following questionRead MoreEssay about Platos The Allegory of the Cave818 Words   |  4 Pagesthat there are two different forms of vision, a â€Å"mind’s eye† and a â€Å"bodily eye.† The â€Å"bodily eye† is a metaphor for the senses. While inside the cave, the prisoners function only with this eye. The â€Å"mind’s eye† is a higher level of thinking, and is mobilized only when the prisoner is released into the outside world. This eye does not exist within the cave; it only exists in the real, perfect world. The â€Å"bodily eye† relies on sensory perceptions about the world in order to determine what is realityRead MoreDifferent Cues Affect Binocular And Monocular Vision1328 Words   |  6 PagesMany researchers are interested in depth perception and how different cues affect what is seen. There have been lots of studies done around depth perception. Some have done studies on how different cues affect binocular and monocular vision in depth perception (Reinhardt-Rutland, 1996). Others have studied how depth cues are used in tasks like computer- and video-based tasks (Westerman Cribbin, 1998). Visual depth perception is using cues to perceive the world in three dimensions and the distanceRead MoreD PSY345 Cindy Larson r1 Week One Worksheet Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween sensation and perception. Explain the importance of separating these concepts. The differences between sensation and perception is that sensation is the elementary elements that, according to structuralist, combine to create perception. Whereas, perception is the conscious sensory experience (Goldstein, 2014). This student has always looked at sensations as those things in a persons’s environment that one can see, hear, smell, touch, taste, and feel. On the other hand perception is how a person’sRead MoreVisual Perception Of The Human Body Are Vision, Audition, Olfaction, Gustation, And Somatosensory998 Words   |  4 PagesThe five senses of the human body are vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, and somatosensory. Vision is the sense dealing with sight. Vision is most sensitive t o light. The main part of our vision comes through our eyes and is processed through our brain. Audition is the sense of hearing. Audition is obtained through our ears picking up vibrations and processing the sounds we hear. Olfaction is the sense of smelling. Olfaction occurs through our olfactory receptor neurons being stimulated by aRead MoreThe Bluest Eye Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesToni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye (1970) takes place in Ohio towards the tail end of the depression. The story focuses on the character of Pecola Breedlove who wants to have blue eyes. Pecola becomes convinced that if she had blue eyes her life would be different. Through the eyes of our narrator, Claudia, and her sister Frieda we see the pervasive racism and abuse Pecola is subjected to. Claudia and Frieda act as witnesses to Pecola’s disintegration and as a result, they will spend the rest of their

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Main Functions Of A State s Constitution - 1045 Words

The constitution is a written document by which the state is run or operated. It is extremely significant as it sets the foundation and provides the fundamental instructions on how the local government and the people ought to function. The four functions of a state’s constitution is to state where the power of political institutions originate from, assign powers, construct a system where checks and balance is put in place within the government, and sets the limits of political power. To sum it up, it â€Å"spells out the [state’s] basic political principles and goals, institutional arrangements, modes of selecting public officials, and rights and duties of private citizens.†( Murphy) The Texas constitution echoes certain ideas from the US†¦show more content†¦art.II, sec.1) The functions and responsibilities of each department is further addressed and explained. In order to prevent any chance of tyrannical actions against the people of the state by political institutions it states that â€Å"no person, or collection of persons, being of one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted.†(Texas Const. art.II) Although these principles are shown in the constitution, some are more reflected than others. The principle least reflected is federalism which in the case of a state’s constitution, the federal constitution should take priority over the state’s. In the US Constitution, such idea is known as the Supremacy clause. The Texas constitution does not heavily divulge in this principle. It only states in article 1 section 1 that Texas, as a free and independent state, is â€Å"subject only to the Constitution of the United States.† This could be interpreted as that the federal constitution precedes Texas’s constitution in the case where the state law or legislature is not in accordance to that of the federal. A bill that has been signed by Texas has been a focus of controversies. The abortion bill demands a list of health regulations that abortion clinics are required to adhere to. The demands are that abortion would be prohibited 20 weeks after fertilization, and also

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Postpartum Depression Screening Scale †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale. Answer: Introduction: During the first few days of pregnancy and after childbirth, a woman experiences a whirlpool of emotions. These emotional experiences can be of a wide variety and the new mother may feel in several different ways including happiness, bliss and joy, which are most understandable for a mother. However, she also becomes prone to emotions that are not so gleeful. Sadness and helplessness are the two most widely experienced emotions that a new mother comes across, which is often referred to as baby blues (O'hara and McCabe 2013). While most of the women who experience these emotional turmoil post childbirth, overcome the problems within one or two weeks, there are some who experience something more severe and extreme management (Bina and Harrington 2016). The grim and gloomy feelings can be attributed to sudden hormonal changes while pregnancy and shortly after childbirth. While this is a serious issue for even the people who are living in the advanced countries, who have all the privileg es and advantages of the world, one should try and imagine the ordeal that migrant women face. Anxiety can become much more intense when a mother is already facing problems of persecution and has to leave her own country to seek refuge in another. The current report would take a look into the problems that entail of becoming a mother who has to flee the securities and assurances of her own home and try to understand the severity and the magnitude of the problem (Mehta et al. 2014). Right after childbirth the hormone levels in a womans body drop, leading to chemical changes in her brain which cause mood swings. Sleep deprivation that arises from the need to take care of the newborn child can lead to further deterioration in the health condition of the women. Postpartum depression is not a weakness of character, it is a medical and mental complication that arises from childbirth. When this postpartum psychosis develops among women, it is of dire need to efficiently tackle the issues because otherwise it would lead to long lasting depression that may have a permanent impact on the psyche on the mothers (Putnam et al. 2017). If not treated, postpartum depression (PPD) can become a big obstacle while carrying out daily routines and chores. That is what that makes the current research so important: without treating PPD, women who are suffering from this cannot be ensured a life that is safe and secured. It is the responsibility of the society to extend its help to th e women and give them a healthy and good life (De Choudhury et al. 2014). Migration is one of the most important issues in the modern day world. When countries and regions are riddled with war and civil problems, many people are facing persecution in their own countries and are being forced to leave their homelands. The political, social and mental pressure that these people experience are traumatizing, forever changing their lives. (Falah-Hassani et al. 2015) When women who have already been forced to migrate are giving birth in a different country, the complexities intensify and the impact is compounded exponentially. There are not many research or literature that talks about the trauma and the hardships faced by migrating mothers and how the political and personal spheres merge to pose as a monolithic obstacle in their lives. What little research and literature are available mostly talk about quantitative aspects of a research and try to give statistical data that try to answer questions that yield numerical results, pertaining to the knowledge of how m any? or try to give trends about what percentage or fraction of the migrating women face post childbirth mental problems. The current research would try to look into the humane aspects of dealing with a problem that tries to provide mental support to those who are already undergoing physical hardship (Alhasanat, Fry?McComish and Yarandi 2017). Although there has been some work on PPD, the effects of it on immigrant women has not been given the importance it needs. That is probably because it is not seen as a feasible problem yet. Despite being ignored or overlooked, it is a real issue and needs to be addressed promptly (Katz and Gagnon 2016). This current paper aims to shed light on this matter and try to make people aware about the problems PPD creates for the women who have to migrate. There is a significant gap in the available literature that shows the complexity of the psychological problems that the women have regarding PPD and the effects it has when coupled with the problem of immigration. The cultural, social and spiritual aspects are not taken into account as much as they should be (OMahony et al. 2013). This paper would try to bridge that gap and give possible solutions that may help to give the women suffering from PPD more support as well as trying to sympathize with their problems rather than shunning them away to take yup the burden on their own. Research questions What are the effects of postpartum depression on the immigrant women? How do the social and political merge with the personal spheres and how do they shape the mental condition of the immigrant women suffering from PPD? To analyze the conditions that the new mothers face when they have to give birth in a country they are forced to live in To come up with feasible solutions and plans that would aim to give support these new mothers Help more people to know and understand about this issue and help to spread empathy so that nobody has to feel mentally pressurized anymore Theoretical framework There are still not enough literature or theories that can be a formidable base for the trauma that the women face in this issue. Even less amount of research has happened when it comes to the ordeal of the immigrant women. There are some basic frameworks that provide the basis of the research at hand (Depression 2015). To understand and appropriately fathom their misery, we must first get a fair idea about what postpartum depression is and how does it affect the mothers. There are some symptoms which can help to understand whether someone has been suffering from PPD. These include Feeling sad or depressed throughout the day Crying for no apparent reason An intense feeling of anxiousness Disorder in eating Sudden mood swings Keeping to ones self and avoiding other people Not having an overwhelming attachment to the newborn Thoughts of self-harm or upon the baby Nurturing doubts about her ability to care for the child PPD can develop during pregnancy and in some cases does not even fester until after a few months post childbirth. In extreme cases this can lead to cases of hallucination, paranoia and thoughts of harming ones self or her baby can become overpowering (Mertens 2014). Postpartum depression can be triggered by a lot of factors. Women who already have past cases of mental health issues or depression face even greater risks of falling into the grasp of this issue. Hormonal changes in the body that occur during times of pregnancy and after childbirth is one of the biggest factors of PPD to set in (Wittkowski, Patel and Fox 2017). If there are any additional problems that has the individual thinking about it during the childbirth., then chances are the effects of PPD will be amplified. PPD can be triggered if the social construct is not very strong and cannot provide the mother with the support and the care that she requires during the pregnancy period and just after childbirth. In cases where the women are made to leave from their own country and go seek refuge somewhere else this social pressure is immense and often not well handled by most. PPD is often been observed to be more powerful when the child has special needs and/or are specially abled (Wi sner et al., 2013). This compounds the burdens of childcare and often leads to severe cases of depression. It is very difficult for a woman to handle this own her own, even more so if the woman is a single parent. Only a health care provider can give her special care and bring her out of the mental state where she faces only torment with herself, coupled with feelings of guilt, embarrassment and other self-derogatory thoughts. Symptoms and infestation of this syndrome is different in every person and this problem has to be dealt with in very unique ways (Higginbottom et al. 2016). It must be remembered that a health care professional has the training to properly talk to these women regarding their problems and plan a recovery process accordingly. If everyday women face these problems after childbirth and during pregnancy, then it is only natural to understand why would this effect be even stronger and more serious for those who are immigrants. The security of ones own home and country are very assuring and the loss of this sense of security when she is vulnerable physically and mentally, would lead to a heightened effect t on the mothers. The amount of research on the effects of PPD on immigrant women is still inadequate even though the overall concern about this form of depression has gained more attention and more and more people are opening about the evils that entail this problem and trying to provide support and care to those who need it. This paper is taking the aspect of the trauma that are faced by the immigrant women and the compounded effects of PPD on them. Immigrants, both males and females, face unique set of challenges, wherever they live. These sets of challenges often create such a condition for them that may compromise their mental health and they are often seen not be given adequate care, both physically and mentally. For the women, this is even more intense because women are still looked at as being dependent on the males and a liberal view is still not established in many places of the world. Moreover, if the women are in their postpartum period in these times, it only increases the chances of PPD. While some of the countries help the women to overcome their problems as being a part of the society, there are wide cultural differences across the planet and some cultures only instigate the mental condition of the women so much that they are more engulfed in the mental depression. Research design While the bulk of the work on PPD has not been done while keeping the immigrant women in the focus, the few that do, are more bent towards trying to find the percentages and numbers, that show how many women are suffering from this and how big is that number among the total population. These fractions and numbers often fail to address the humane side of the problem and hence lacks the intimacy it should have provided to the women suffering from this, rather than just indicating how many of them are suffering and not do anything about that. This paper would try to input that aspect into the researches and devise methods that would enable to best understand the mentality and the views of the immigrant women suffering from PPD. The current paper hopes to come up with strategies and methods that would help to understand the ordeal of the immigrant women suffering from PPD in a better way all the while taking a more personal and intimate approach while interacting with these women (Ritchie et al. 203). This would give more insights and a better understanding about the problems and the aspects where the women feel most depressed about or the point which make them hold the most amount of grievance (Ormston et al. 2014). These personal account and their own reflections about their own problems will give much more reliable data that would enable to provide better and more inclusive care to these women. There can be many different strategies that may be adopted which shall facilitate in this research management. Since this research is more inclined towards doing a qualitative research, the methods that are going to be prescribed here will be more biased towards trying to take a look at the problem of PPD on immigrant women in a more theoretical terms, which would be more reliant on literature and not just numerical analysis. Few of the methods that are going to be adopted are, photo voice method, diary writing and drawing method. These methods have been because of the simple reason that the people who are to be interviewed or questioned are highly vulnerable in terms of mental stability. No conventional qualitative analysis method can be of help here, and the chosen methods have been seen to be more intimate and compassionate in previous researches in other fields. Some of these methods may even be alienating for some of the people and be counter-productive for the purpose of the research as a whole. On the contrary, the methods that have been chosen for the current research are more empathizing in terms of compassion and have been used before for researches relating to feminism studies and have proved themselves more useful than the conventional methods. Drawing method: Some researchers have adopted this style to gather information from people who feel they are mentally vulnerable and yet require themselves to be more expressive while talking about their problems. The drawing method gives the people who are being interviewed an advantage in terms of expressing themselves more. The subjects are to be given drawing tools and would be asked to draw whatever they feel like or how they think they can best visually express their own perception about their problems. In many cases, drawing method is paired with writing methods that further enables the subjects to express their feelings and help the research by clearly defining what they are thinking or what do their paintings mean. This particular method has been more used in the research with children because they often lack the words or the vocabulary that help in the research, or cannot properly fathom their own problems, simply because they cannot yet comprehend the magnitude of the issu e. This aspect gives this method an advantage by making sure that this is a depiction of pure emotions of the women and not polluted by social dogma. Photo elicitation: This is a method that uses visual images to help the test subjects to elicit expressions and comments. This would be helping the women to express themselves through a medium, making it easier for them to tell exactly how they feel. This method gives space and is open to interpretation. This particular point would facilitate in the understanding of the unique problems of the immigrant women suffering from PPD (Taylor Bogdan and DeVault 2015). This method would give important insights about the problems they face and how they perceive their problems. Diary method: Asking the women who are going through PPD is to write their own minds is a good way to communicate. Many women are not comfortable conversing with people in interviews and feel more at ease if they are asked to write on paper. Making them keep a diary log would be beneficial in the aspect that it would give data for over a period of time. While most other methods are done within a short span of time and maybe are even competed in one day. This method, on the other hand, would be requiring the women to keep a log book and this would help the research to gather information about how they are feeling in a day-to-day basis. Valuable information regarding the mood swings can be obtained. Moreover, it can also be observed what are the triggers for the depression to set in and what circumstances can lead to PPD to become more intense. Surroundings and circumstantiality can be noticed and the research may give important results that would help any further research to look into the conditions in which these women are staying, to try and alter those conditions so that they can be helped to come out of it. Arts based research: It is often said that an individual can best express what she or he is feeling through art. Giving the women complete autonomy or freedom when asking them to use art as a mode of expressing themselves can be of huge advantage management. This method would also be beneficial in terms of understanding the difference in how every woman feels. How PPD influences every woman in unique ways would be shed much light upon as every woman would be giving some different interpretation regarding their problems or the adversities they face every day. This means that a possible trend might be understood so that probable precautions may be taken to prevent from these situations to even happening. Apart from these methods several other methods like body mapping or online research can also be done. Online research has the advantage of being able to reach people who do not live nearby by using the internet. This would help the women to talk to the researchers without being physical present there, and this would also help the women to ne more comfortable to talk without having to face them in face. A group of 200 women who have either mental health problems in the past or are suffering from now have been identified. All of them are in different stages of pregnancy and some of them have underwent childbirth a few weeks to a two months prior to the research. The data that is collected from different surveys and interviews are all very intimate and personal. The research must not reproduce these data anywhere in any form without prior notice to the, or consent of the owners of the data. Every research should have an ethical base that would set the moral compass of the research and this paper is no different (Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2013). Confidentiality must be maintained in the research and whatever data is to be analyzed, must be done so with the permission of the people who provided the data. Timeline Main activity 1st month 2nd month 3rd month and 4th month 5th month and 6th month 7th month and 8th month Identify the targeted women who are to be interviewed Implementation the effective strategies as per the recognized subjects Monitor the implemented strategy Changes if required Finalise the plan and strategy Limitations The proposed paper will help the immigrant women suffering from PPD in many ways by trying to understand their problems and their own perceptions about their hardships or the things and methods that they believe would help them to get out of this situations (Zhao et al. 2013). The paper would be successfully delivering a more personal account of the women and unique care plan can be made based on the results and the collected data. But this paper has some limitations of its own, as is true with any research paper of methodologies. The obvious problem, that is also the biggest setback of the research, is that it has only focused upon a group of women in a specific country (Banks and Zeitlyn 2015). This is a huge problem and limitation because of the sheer fact that this cannot give enough data. Every country that has immigrants provide each individual with a different set of problems as well as well as privileges. The laws of the countries prove to be problematic for some, while other s find it in favor of their lifestyle and views or ideologies they believe in are in cohesion with the operations and constitution of the hosting country. What must be kept in mind is that every country runs in its own way and every rule and law is different in every country. This disparity across the countries pose the obvious problem of not being all taken into account. Another very important side to this problem is that every country has immigrants from multiple countries (Ganann et al. 2016). This means everyone comes from different backgrounds and the ideologies and beliefs of every individual is different. This also becomes a problem since the moral strata of some individual are bound to clash with the state. This clash results in social and political seclusion for many and often intensifies the effects of PPD on the women. For the lack of funds, time and other resources all of the immigration cases and situations or conditions could not be observed, which means the results of the paper and the recommendations are only partially true: they are right in some cases, but may be completely different in other spheres, where a whole different set of parameters are in play. While it is not possible to analyze every single event, it must be tried to reduce that defect as much as possible (Dennis and Dowswell 2013). Conclusion PPD is a serious issue that needs to be talked about more. Some women face extreme difficulties, having unable to do any of their daily work and constrain her own movements by confining herself mentally. This needs to be dealt with as soon as possible. As severe as their problem is, the issue is more serious for immigrant women. Their ordeal is much given the fact they do not have the privilege of living in their country and the emotional ground is already vulnerable. This research is focused on trying to look into the psychological aspect of the immigrant women suffering from PPD and is aimed towards trying to understand things from a theoretical point of view and using a more compassionate way of approach, rather than just looking for the numbers. Hence, all the researchers need is, a little sympathy for those who are suffering. References Alhasanat, D., Fry?McComish, J. and Yarandi, H.N., 2017. Risk For Postpartum Depression Among Immigrant Arabic Women in the United States: A Feasibility Study.Journal of Midwifery Womens Health,62(4), pp.470-476. Banks, M. and Zeitlyn, D., 2015.Visual methods in social research. Sage. Bina, R. and Harrington, D., 2016. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: screening tool for postpartum anxiety as well? Findings from a confirmatory factor analysis of the Hebrew version.Maternal and child health journal,20(4), pp.904-914. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.Research methods in education. Routledge. De Choudhury, M., Counts, S., Horvitz, E.J. and Hoff, A., 2014, February. Characterizing and predicting postpartum depression from shared facebook data. InProceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing(pp. 626-638). ACM. Dennis, C.L. and Dowswell, T., 2013. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression.The Cochrane Library. Depression, P., 2015. Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(1), pp.59-67. Falah-Hassani, K., Shiri, R., Vigod, S. and Dennis, C.L., 2015. Prevalence of postpartum depression among immigrant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of psychiatric research,70, pp.67-82. Ganann, R., Sword, W., Thabane, L., Newbold, B. and Black, M., 2016. Predictors of postpartum depression among immigrant women in the year after childbirth.Journal of Women's Health,25(2), pp.155-165. Higginbottom, G., Morgan, M., O'Mahoney, J., Chiu, Y., Kocay, D., Forgeron, J., Alexandre, M. and Young, M., 2016. Immigrant women's experience of postpartum depression in Canada: a narrative synthesis systematic review. Katz, D. and Gagnon, A.J., 2016. Evidence of adequacy of postpartum care for immigrant women.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,34(4). Mehta, D., Newport, D.J., Frishman, G., Kraus, L., Rex-Haffner, M., Ritchie, J.C., Lori, A., Knight, B.T., Stagnaro, E., Ruepp, A. and Stowe, Z.N., 2014. Early predictive biomarkers for postpartum depression point to a role for estrogen receptor signaling.Psychological medicine,44(11), pp.2309-2322. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. OMahony, J.M., Donnelly, T.T., Bouchal, S.R. and Este, D., 2013. Cultural background and socioeconomic influence of immigrant and refugee women coping with postpartum depression.Journal of immigrant and minority health,15(2), pp.300-314. O'hara, M.W. and McCabe, J.E., 2013. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions.Annual review of clinical psychology,9, pp.379-407. Ormston, R., Spencer, L., Barnard, M. and Snape, D., 2014. The foundations of qualitative research.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers,2. Putnam, K.T., Wilcox, M., Robertson-Blackmore, E., Sharkey, K., Bergink, V., Munk-Olsen, T., Deligiannidis, K.M., Payne, J., Altemus, M., Newport, J. and Apter, G., 2017. Clinical phenotypes of perinatal depression and time of symptom onset: analysis of data from an International Consortium.The Lancet Psychiatry,4(6), pp.477-485. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Wisner, K.L., Sit, D.K., McShea, M.C., Rizzo, D.M., Zoretich, R.A., Hughes, C.L., Eng, H.F., Luther, J.F., Wisniewski, S.R., Costantino, M.L. and Confer, A.L., 2013. Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings.JAMA psychiatry,70(5), pp.490-498. Wittkowski, A., Patel, S. and Fox, J.R., 2017. The Experience of Postnatal Depression in Immigrant Mothers Living in Western Countries: A Meta?Synthesis.Clinical psychology psychotherapy,24(2), pp.411-427. Zhao, Y., Kane, I., Wang, J., Shen, B., Luo, J. and Shi, S., 2015. Combined use of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to identify antenatal depression among Chinese pregnant women with obstetric complications.Psychiatry research,226(1), pp.113-119.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Personality and Social Psychology Essay Sample free essay sample

The comparing of quality of life and header manners was made more meaningful by the fact that three optimism groups. high. moderate and low. had clearly different agencies tonss. Optimism proved to be an of import trait-like quality for understanding differences in sensed quality of life and in get bying. The extremely optimistic students’ profiles portray a really effectual manner instead than a defensive. response prejudice manner. High optimists endorsed the highest overall quality of life ( Scheier et al. . 1989 ) . found similar consequences for extremely optimistic patients covering with bosom conditions. Second. these extremely optimistic patients covering with bosom conditions. Second. these extremely optimistic pupils were more satisfied with their quality of life than were low optimists/pessimists. There were besides gender differences in quality of life. Womans were significantly more satisfied with their quality of life. Women pupils seem to be more psychologically minded and besides concerned with societal relationships. In footings of get bying manners. adult females used more faith. discharge. and emotion-focused steps. Many of these consequences are non surprising in that attending to feelings and faith is consistent with women’s gender functions. Work force placed more importance on their quality of life resources. but were less satisfied and therefore seem to non be run intoing their ain criterions. In footings of get bying. work forces used more credence and wit. The credence factor is interesting as it is in contrast with male students’ dissatisfaction in quality of life. Possibly the quality of life disagreement represents criterions used by work forces to mensurate public presentation outlooks for their lives while credence and wit may be more utile in accommodating to external force per unit areas. The header forms for work forces seem to be less intuitive and hence are interesting. new findings. There were no gender differences in the usage of negative manners and. in fact. both groups utilized negative manners far less frequently compared to positive header manners ( Bandura. 1986 ) . In footings of academic public presentation. adult females had higher GPA tonss than work forces. The header and quality of life forms in this survey look to be reasonably consistent. Both optimists and pessimists could be expected to keep their degree of quality of life satisfaction since high optimists are actively engaged in making their lives and pessimists are disengaged and more inactive. The optimist may be in secret envied. but he is publically despised. His dictums are regarded as looks of simple-minded sightlessness or as misanthropic propaganda. Optimism is non regarded as intellectually respectable. It was non ever so: there have been times when optimism was non simply considered worthy of rational statement. but was widely accepted by believing work forces. Now. nevertheless. we react with a turning embarrassment to transitions. And our embarrassment obliterates differentiations ; ‘optimism’ is a soiled word: all optimists are grey in the dark. Nor it can be claimed that we have graduated to a more realistic pessimism ; for that. after all. would be to acknowledge optimism into the sphere of rational statement. Life. in our vision. is non admitted to be tragic-merely absurd ( Scheier A ; Carver. 1985 ) . Most spiritual are optimistic. There is a minimum sense in which a adult male may be said to be an optimist. but barely a protagonist of optimism. Thus a adult male may do no claims. but simply describe state of affairss in a ‘positive’ instead than a ‘negative’ manner. and the inquiry of justification may non even originate. The authoritative illustration is the adult male who describes a bottle as ‘half-full’ instead than ‘half-empty’ where there is no difference about water-level. about the value of H2O for life or about whether this is the last bottle or non ( Schulz et al. . 1988 ) . The adult male may non see any necessity to warrant his description. in which instance it is absurd to propose that he should give one. and rational treatment is out of topographic point. The state of affairs may be agreed to be despairing. but the bottle is ‘half-full. ’ Of class. the adult male may e prepared to offer a justification. but can merely offer a matter-of-fact defense-such as that specifying an ambivalent state of affairs in positive footings by and large helps to give one assurance to get by with it more adequately. This is unfastened to rational treatment and is non needfully rapidly or easy settled. but the issue is psychological instead than philosophical. Whatever the reply. this defence will be independent of and therefore subsidiary to any justification of optimism as a creed ; to back up optimism as a regulation of mental hygiene is non to be a protagonist of optimism in the philosophical sense ( Schier A ; Carver. 1985 ) . Person who declares that the universe is in a bad province. and even that it will acquire worse. may however be an optimist. Medieval Christian society was optimistic in looking to the following universe for alleviation from the prison of this 1. But one who passes a rough judgement on modern-day life need non be a Utopian to number as an optimist: echt hope of betterment is positive plenty. Utopian or non. if optimism is non to be empty and facile. this hope itself requires some justification. which should organize portion of the statement of the facts: a Florence Nightingale will rest her instance on the likely effects of strong-arming one’s tame solons and demilitarizing Royal Commissions ; a Condorcet will trust on the perfectibility of adult male ; a Sumner on the inevitable March of advancement. Whether hope of existent betterment is sufficient for one who Judgess present conditions harshly to be termed an optimist is non clear-it would surely look slightly labored to na me a physician optimistic whose patients are all deceasing of atrocious diseases. simply because he knows that he can decrease their torment to some extent ( Marshall et al. . 1992 ) . If an optimist is non trusting on anticipations of future alteration. either in this life or the following. so he must at least claim that there is a preponderance of good over evil. felicity over wretchedness. when the universe is considered as a whole. This is obscure but there is one version of it which seems to be a fortiori optimistic. and the reaction to which is an of import factor in the general misgiving of optimism. Such a doctrine surely seems to carry through our 3rd standard. for it does non put flawlessness simply in the hereafter: it claims that this is the best of all possible universes. Psychologists have approached the impression of positive thought from a assortment of positions. Common to most positions. though. is the thought that positive thought in some manner involves keeping positive anticipations for one’s hereafter. Such anticipations are thought to hold constitutional deductions for behaviour. That is. the actions that people take are thought to be greatly influenced by their outlooks about the likely effects of those actions. Peoples who see coveted results as come-at-able continue to endeavor for those results. even when advancement is slow or hard. When results seem sufficiently unachievable. people withdraw their attempt and withdraw themselves from their ends. Therefore. people’s anticipations provide a footing for prosecuting in one of two really different categories of behaviour: continued endeavoring versus giving up ( Bandura. 1986 ) . Peoples can keep anticipations at many degrees of generalization. Some theoretical positions focus on anticipations that pertain to peculiar state of affairss. or even to peculiar actions. Such an attack allows for considerable fluctuation in the positiveness of one’s believing from one context to the following. Therefore. a individual who is rather optimistic about retrieving successfully from a auto accident may be far less optimistic about set downing the large publicity that is up for grabs at work. Positive and negative thought began with a focal point on situation-specific anticipations. but over the old ages we began to see anticipations that are more general and diffuse. We believe that generalised anticipations constitute an of import dimension of personality. that they are comparatively stable across clip and context. The dimension as optimism and interpret it in footings of the belief that good. as opposed to bad. things will by and large happen in one’s life. A turning figure of surveies have examined the effects of dispositional optimism on psychological wellbeing. Optimists routinely keep higher degrees of subjective wellbeing during times of emphasis than do people who are less optimistic. Optimistic adult females were less likely to go down to following childbearing. A assortment of factors were assessed when the pupils foremost arrived on campus. including dispositional optimism. Optimism had a significant consequence on future psychological wellbeing: Higher degrees of optimism upon come ining college were associated with lower hurt. Notably. the effects of optimism in this survey were distinguishable from those of the other personality factors measured. including self-esteem. venue of control. and desire for control. Thus. an optimistic orientation to life seemed to supply a benefit over and above that provided by these other personality features ( Plomin et al ) . If the effects of optimism were limited to doing people experience better. possibly such findings would non be really surprising. The effects of optimism seem to travel beyond this. nevertheless. There is at least some grounds that optimism besides confers benefits on physical wellbeing. Optimism was negatively related to physiological alterations reflected to physiological alterations reflected in the patient’s EKG and to the release of certain sorts of enzymes into the blood stream. Both of these alterations are widely taken as markers for myocardial infarction. Optimism was besides a important forecaster of the rate of recovery during the immediate postoperative period. Optimists were faster to accomplish selected behavioural mileposts of recovery. and they were rated by medical hart as demoing better physical recovery. The advantages of an optimistic orientation were besides evident. Optimistic patients were more likely than pessimistic patients to hold resumed vigorous physical exercising and to hold returned to work full-time. Furthermore. optimists returned to their activities more rapidly than did pessimists. In amount. optimists were able to normalise their life styles more to the full and more rapidly than were pessimists. It is of import to observe that all of the findings merely described were independent of the person’s medical position at the beginning of the survey. Therefore. it was non the instance that optimists did better merely because they were less ill at the clip of surgery ( Schulz et al. . 1988 ) . If an apprehension can be gained of why optimists do better than pessimists. so possibly psychologists can get down to invent ways to assist pessimists do better. One promising line of enquiry concerns differences between optimists and pessimists in how they cope with emphasis. Research from a assortment of beginnings is get downing to propose that optimists cope in more adaptative ways than do pessimists. Optimists are more likely than pessimists to take direct action to work out their jobs. are more planful in covering with the hardship they confront. and are more focussed in their header attempts. Optimists are more likely to accept the world of the nerve-racking state of affairss they encounter. and they besides seem purpose on turning personally form negative experiences and seeking to do the best of bad state of affairss ( Abramson. 1978 ) . In contrast to these positive header reactions. pessimists are more likely than optimists to respond to nerve-racking events by seeking to deny that they exist or by seeking to deny that they exist or by seeking to avoid covering with jobs. Pessimists are besides more likely to discontinue seeking when troubles arise ( Schulz et al. 1988 ) . We now know that these get bying differences are at least partially responsible for the differences in hurt that optimists and pessimists experience in clip of emphasis. Optimists were more likely than pessimists to trust on active get bying techniques and less likely to prosecute get bying orientations were both related to later accommodation. whereas active header was associated with better accommodation. Further analysis revealed that these two get bying inclinations mediated the nexus between optimism and accommodation. Therefore. optimists did better than pessimists at least partially because optimists used more effectual ways of get bying with jobs ( Scheier et al. . 1989 ) . A similar decision is suggested by a survey of chest malignant neoplastic disease patients that we and our co-workers late completed. Throughout this period. optimism was associated with a get bying form that involved accepting the world of the state of affairs. along with attempts to do the best of it. Optimism was reciprocally associated with efforts to move as though the job was non existent and with the inclination to give up on the life ends that were being threatened by the diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease. Further analyses suggested that these differences in get bying served as waies by which the optimistic adult females remained less vulnerable to straiten than the pessimistic adult females throughout the twelvemonth ( Aspinwall A ; Taylor ) . At present. non much is known about the beginnings of single differences on this dimension. The determiners must needfully fall in two wide classs. nevertheless: nature and raising. On the nature side. the available grounds suggests that single differences in optimism-pessimism may be partially inherited. Optimism and pessimism in the general population seems due to familial influence. On the environmental side. less is known. It is surely sensible to reason that optimism and pessimism are partially learned from anterior experiences with success and failure. On the environmental side. less is known. It is surely sensible to reason that optimism and pessimism are partially learned from anterior experiences with success and failure. To the extent that 1 has been successful in the yesteryear. one should anticipate success in the hereafter. Analogously. anterior failure might engender the outlook of future failure. Children might besides get a sense of optimism from their parents. for illustration. through mold. That is parents who meet troubles with positive outlooks and who use adaptative header schemes are explicitly or implicitly patterning those qualities for their kids. Pessimistic parents besides provide theoretical accounts for their kids. although the qualities modeled are really different. Therefore. kids might go optimistic or pessimistic by believing and moving in ways their parents do. Parents might besides act upon kids more straight by teaching them in job resolution. Parents who teach adaptative header accomplishments will bring forth kids who are better job convergent thinkers than kids of parents who do non. To the extent that geting adaptative get bying accomplishments leads to get bying success. the footing for an optimistic orientation is provided. We have late begun a plan of research designed to analyze how coping schemes are transmitted from parent to child. with peculiar accent on the mode in which parental features affect the sorts of get bying schemes that are taught ( Cantor A ; Norem. 1989 ) . There are at least two ways in which an optimistic orientation might take to poorer results. First. it may be possible to be excessively optimistic. or to be optimistic. or to be optimistic in unproductive ways. For illustration. unchecked optimism may do people to sit and wait for good things to go on. thereby diminishing the opportunity of success. Second. optimism might besides turn out detrimental in state of affairss that are non conformable to constructive action. Optimists are prone to confront jobs with attempts to decide them. but possibly this head-on attack is maladaptive in state of affairss that are unmanageable or that involve major loss or misdemeanor of one’s universe position. Optimists besides use a host of emotion-focused header responses. including inclinations to accept the world of the state of affairs. to set the state of affairs in the best possible visible radiation. and to turn personally from their adversities. Given these get bying options. optimist s may turn out to hold a header advantage even in the most distressful state of affairss. Defensive pessimism may be utile because it helps to buffer the individual against future failure. should failure occur. In add-on. defensive pessimism may assist the individual execute better because the concern over awaited failure prompts remedial action in readying for the event. Defensive pessimism does look to work. That is. the public presentation of defensive pessimists tends to be better than the public presentation of existent pessimists. whose negative outlooks are anchored in anterior failure ( Norem A ; Cantor. 1989 ) . On the other manus. defensive pessimism neer works better than optimism. Furthermore. this manner seemingly has some concealed costs: Peoples who use defensive pessimism in the short tally study more psychological symptoms and a lower quality of life in the long tally than do optimists. Such findings call into serious inquiry the adaptative value of defensive pessimism. The construct of optimism. as discussed here. does non stand apart from the remainder personality psychological science. There are easy noted household resemblances to several other personality concepts and attacks that have arisen in response to the same inquiries that prompted our line of speculating. Two well-known illustrations are attribution manner and self-efficacy. It may be utile to briefly observe some similarities and differences between our conceptualisation and these other attacks. Self-efficacy anticipations are people’s outlooks of being either able or unable to put to death coveted behaviours successfully. Although there are obvious similarities between self-efficacy and optimism-pessimism. there are besides two outstanding differences. One difference involves the extent to which the sense of personal bureau is seen as the critical variable underlying behaviour. Our attack to dispositional optimism deliberately deemphasizes the function of personal efficaciousness. Statements on self-efficacy make personal bureau paramount. The 2nd differences concerns the comprehensiveness of the anticipation on which the theory focuses. Efficacy theory holds that people’s behaviour is best predicted by focalized. domain-specific anticipations. Dispositional optimism. in contrast. is thought to be a much generalized inclination that ahs an influence in a broad assortment of scenes. Interestingly. relevant research suggests that both types of anticipations are utile in foretelling behaviour ( Scheier et al. . 1989 ) . Understanding of the nature and effects of optimism is still in its babyhood. and there is much more to larn. For illustration. although the effects of optimism seem attributable in portion to differences in the ways optimists and pessimists cope with emphasis ; this can non be the complete reply. It is impossible to account to the full for differences between optimists and pessimists on the footing of this factor entirely. Similarly. more work is needed to badger apart the effects of optimism from the consequence of related variables. As celebrated earlier. a figure of personality dimensions bear a conceptual resemblance to optimism-pessimism. Some of these dimensions. such as personal coherency. robustness. and learned resourcefulness. hold appeared in the literature merely late. Other dimensions. such as neurosis. self-pride. and self-mastery. hold a longer scientific yesteryear. Given the being of these related concepts. it is sensible to inquire whether their effects are distinguishable. This inquiry can non be resolved easy on the footing of one or two surveies entirely. An reply must expect the gradual accretion of grounds signifier many surveies utilizing different methodological analysiss and measuring different results ( Scheier A ; Carver. 1985 ) . There does look to be a power to positive thought. 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